https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/ Journal of Combat Medicine en daily 1 Fri, 21 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 21 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238960.html Stability and resilience in crisis situations are essential requirements for the health system and all its actors in all situations, especially in crisis situations, and are prominent topics in disaster-related research. Resilience in crisis situations is a vital necessity. Health actors must be knowledgeable, skilled, capable, stable, and resilient professionals, equipped and ready to be present and perform their best in all scenes. The health care system must also have stability, authority, scientific and professional mastery, economic capability and resilience, and social knowledge and wisdom. The most prominent requirement for stability and resilience in crises and disasters is faith and spirituality, and this article briefly mentions them. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238962.html Basij is a familiar concept in the literature of social transformations and revolutions, recognized as one of the components that shape and drive revolutions. However, in the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Basij not only played a role in the stage of evolution and metamorphosis but also, at every stage of political and social life, the Basij of people and their presence has played a role in solving problems and the ongoing course of life. This presence became more prominent in critical situations, as the integration of society showcased the enigma of creating solidarity to overcome natural and artificial crises, from floods and earthquakes to war and terror, and legitimized it.In the literature of the Islamic Revolution, Basij owes its origins to the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA), and before and after the revolution, the declarations and calls of the Leader of the Revolution accelerated and facilitated processes. For example, the imposed war was one of the important crises of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was resolved by the Imam’s (RA) wisdom and the presence of Basij in various forms. Basij in the form of military presence in the imposed war is the most obvious form of this institutionalized organization, although each of the revolutionary institutions, in its own way, presented a manifestation of Basij. What has been less addressed so far is the role of Basij in the internal transformation of pre-revolutionary structures, such as Academic Jihad or self-sufficiency Jihad in various departments and organizations left over from the former regime. One of these internal transformations in pre-revolutionary structures is the Headquarters for Addressing the Situation of the Wounded and Injured of the Imposed War, which was voluntarily organized based on Basij in the Ministry of Health at the time, on the eve of the imposed war.This paper aims, based on the experience of the Headquarters for Addressing the Situation of the Wounded and Injured of the Ministry of Health, to identify the presence of people in the form of basij in post-revolutionary structures and show that many of the challenges and problems of the Islamic Republic system can still be solved only by relying on Basij. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238964.html Background and Aim: The Aedes mosquito transmits dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever, and none of these diseases have an effective vaccine or definitive treatment. More than half of the world's population is at risk of contracting these diseases. The creation of explosive epidemics and the occurrence of highly widespread diseases are among the characteristics of these diseases. In 2024, when this mosquito was observed in some areas of the country, preventive measures were taken with the immediate intervention of the national health forces and the armed forces. The purpose of this study is to report on the health and medical measures taken by the health and medical groups of the armed forces to help prevent and save the lives of exposed individuals and to make suggestions for improving crisis management in current and future conditions.Methods: The present study was conducted as a retrospective review based on official field reports during 2024, along with a review of the literature and the use of citation databases. First, the actions of the armed forces health centers in this regard were examined, and by reviewing electronic sources, all existing documents and articles related to similar treatment measures in other countries were identified. After a multi-stage screening, 24 documents were finally selected and analyzed after coding. Results: All measures taken by the Armed Forces health centers regarding diseases transmitted by the Aedes mosquito in providing optimal health and medical services to exposed individuals were identified and presented.Conclusion: In order to respond appropriately to diseases transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, forecasting, up-to-date and comprehensive planning of the country's health centers, and especially the armed forces, can save lives and improve the health and treatment process. These measures include: pre-occurrence measures, post-occurrence measures, effective vaccine prevention, continuous research efforts, internal and extra-organizational coordination, and interactions, etc. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238965.html The comprehensive defense of the sacred land of the Islamic Republic by combatants and the general public against the Ba'athist enemy and its arrogant supporters during the years of the Sacred Defense (1980-1988) not only led to the expulsion of the enemy from our beloved country but also proved to the world that the powerful Islamic Republic of Iran will defend itself powerfully against any aggression and make its enemies regretful. It is evident that combatants and the people must always be prepared to defend their honor and dignity. This requires physical, psychological, spiritual, and social readiness. In this regard, nutrition not only contributes to the physical readiness of combatants and the people but also, in itself, increases morale and spiritual and social capital. This article addresses the topic of nutrition and food hygiene for combatants during the 8 years of the imposed war. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238966.html Background and Aim: Nerve agents, one of the most deadly chemical agents that inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, are considered a serious threat in battlefields and terrorist attacks. Given the limitations of accurate laboratory methods in critical situations, this study aimed to systematically investigate the capabilities of colorimetric sensors as a rapid and practical solution for field detection of nerve agents.Methods: In this review, articles related to the design and application of colorimetric sensors for the detection of nerve agents were examined by systematically searching reputable databases. Types of sensors, including sensors based on small organic molecules, polymers, metal complexes, and nanomaterials, were analyzed in terms of mechanisms of action, sensitivity, selectivity, and application capabilities. Results: Colorimetric sensors with various mechanisms, including nucleophilic reactions, ring opening, and changes in nanoparticle aggregation, are capable of detecting nerve agents with low detection limits (in the nanomolar range) and short response times (less than a second). These sensors can be converted into paper strips and integrated into combat clothing, allowing for low-cost mass production. However, challenges in the fields of selectivity, environmental stability, and mass production still require further research.Conclusion: Colorimetric sensors are considered a strategic and transformative solution in the military field. The development and localization of this technology, utilizing advanced nanomaterials and artificial intelligence, will play a vital role in enhancing defense capabilities and national security. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238967.html Chemical warfare agents are weapons of mass destruction and are usually highly toxic. Although they have been used for centuries, they have not yet been fully and comprehensively described. Today, they are classified as nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, tear gases, psychoto mimetic agents, and toxins. The mass production and consequent widespread deployment of these agents has been documented since the 19th century following the expansion of industrial chemistry. Since then, several large-scale attacks using them have been reported. Chemical weapons can be examined from various aspects, including environmental, legal, ethical, medical, etc. The psychiatric aspect and its considerations have not received sufficient attention.The psychological aspect of chemical attacks has been neglected, or at least not sufficiently addressed. Indeed, if medical preparedness for chemical attacks is carried out, it is unlikely to include psychiatrists or consider adequate psychological assistance. Meanwhile, mood, cognitive, and behavioral disorders resulting from trauma and chemical agents are common, both in the short and long term. Psychiatrists have significant multifaceted roles and duties in such a crisis, including helping to differentiate somatization and anxiety in patients presenting to the emergency department, treating short-term and long-term psychiatric disorders, providing crisis management intervention to healthcare staff, and providing advice and guidance to decision-makers.Multiple effects of chemical substances on the mental health of individuals exposed to them in war or research have been reported, including intellectual disorders, concentration problems, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, psychomotor retardation, depression, social withdrawal, antisocial thoughts, fatigue, amnesia, restlessness, and irritability. Psychiatric disorders caused by chemical weapons can affect individuals long after the attack, with one study showing that psychiatric and psychological findings, including somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, and hostility, were more prevalent in a population exposed to sulfur mustard, panic and fear, even up to 20 years after exposure.Sulfur mustard is a blister agent for which there is still no effective antidote. The city of Sardasht in West Azerbaijan was the victim of a chemical attack on June 7, 1987, during the Iran-Iraq war. On that evening, many people were massacred, and since then, many people have suffered from the consequences, of which the psychiatric aspect is only a small part. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238968.html This study employs a comparative analytical approach within the framework of security and war studies to examine two major conflicts involving the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) and the 12-day war between Iran and Israel (2025). The study aimed to analyze the transformation in the nature of military conflicts, assess the strategic calculations of the involved actors, and evaluate the implications of these wars for Iran’s national security and geopolitical position. The findings indicate that both conflicts emerged from deep-seated political, ideological, and security tensions, and that the aggressors initiated hostilities due to miscalculations about Iran’s internal cohesion and deterrence capacity. In both cases, these assumptions proved inaccurate, resulting in the failure to achieve strategic objectives. A key finding of the study is the decisive role of political–religious leadership in crisis management, the preservation of social cohesion, and the effective coordination between military power and diplomacy. From a comparative perspective, the Iran–Iraq War represents a protracted, conventional, and attritional conflict characterized by extensive ground operations and high human casualties. In contrast, the twelve-day war reflects a contemporary model of short-duration warfare centered on active deterrence, advanced military technologies, long-range missile operations, and cyber and hybrid warfare, with no direct ground engagement. The study argues that the development of indigenous defense capabilities, reduced external dependency, and the effective integration of hard and soft power significantly constrained the scope of the conflict and imposed strategic costs on the adversary. Overall, the study concludes that national cohesion and effective leadership, as core components of national power, played a critical role in threat containment and in consolidating Iran’s strategic position within the regional security environment. https://www.jmedbehrazm.ir/article_238971.html Background and Aim: Recognizing that future and modern Holy Defenses require a network of rescuers in the healthcare field, it would be beneficial to utilize the experiences of individuals who served as paramedics and medical staff during the Holy Defense to develop operational, therapeutic, and rescue solutions for the injured. This study aims to describe the experiences of paramedics in the Holy Defense of Iran and Iraq.Methods: This study utilized the conventional content analysis method through semi-structured interviews. Fifteen paramedics with experience during the Holy Defense were chosen using purposive sampling. Maximum diversity sampling was employed to ensure a broad range of perspectives, considering participants' involvement in various operations and backgrounds in the Holy Defense. Participation willingness was a requirement for inclusion in the study, and those unwilling to be interviewed were excluded. The interviews were analyzed using MAXQDA version 10 software. Results: Analysis of the interviews revealed five main categories: preparation and exposure to the conditions of the Holy Defense, clinical and professional experiences during the Holy Defense, psychological and emotional aspects of the Holy Defense, moral and human interactions in the Holy Defense, and structural and educational changes post-Holy Defense.Conclusion: The experiences of paramedics during the Holy Defense can inform policies and strategies to save lives in similar situations. By incorporating these experiences into training and response plans for future crises and Holy Defenses, we can improve performance and reduce human casualties.